{"id":6111,"date":"2020-06-15T16:41:49","date_gmt":"2020-06-15T18:41:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/?page_id=6111"},"modified":"2020-06-15T16:41:49","modified_gmt":"2020-06-15T18:41:49","slug":"a-unificacao-do-rdzogs-pa-chen-po-e-do-chan","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/a-unificacao-do-rdzogs-pa-chen-po-e-do-chan\/","title":{"rendered":"A Unifica\u00e7\u00e3o do Rdzogs Pa Chen Po e do Ch&#8217;an"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1204\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6112\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po.jpg 1200w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-150x150.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-300x300.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-768x771.jpg 768w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-1021x1024.jpg 1021w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-299x300.jpg 299w, http:\/\/www.nossacasa.net\/shunya\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Rdzogs-Pa-Chen-Po-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><font face=\"Verdana\" size=\"2\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\"><a name=\"inicio\"><\/p>\n<table width=\"50%\" border=\"1\">\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<td><a href=\"#a\"><font size=\"2\">Portugu\u00eas<\/font><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"#b\"><font size=\"2\">Ingl\u00eas<\/font><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/a><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:center\"><font size=\"4\"><b><a name=\"a\">A Unifica&ccedil;&atilde;o do Rdzogs Pa Chen Po e do Ch&#8217;an<\/a><\/b><\/font><\/div>\n<p> <\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:right\"><font size=\"1\"><i><b>Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal<br \/>Por A. W. Barber<br \/>Vol.3, 04.1990<br \/>PP.301-317<\/b><br \/>Revis\u00e3o da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o por<br \/>Maria Heleosina Ribeiro Pess\u00f4a<\/i><\/font><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:justify\"><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Resumo <\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">As descri&ccedil;&otilde;es tradicionais da hist&oacute;ria do in&iacute;cio do budismo Tibetano est&atilde;o longe de ser imparciais. Elas n&atilde;o retratam com precis&atilde;o a hist&oacute;ria de como o budismo desenvolveu-se inicialmente naquele pa&iacute;s. O contexto pol&iacute;tico-social foi muito mais complexo do que os relatos tradicionais nos levariam a acreditar. O Ch&#8217;an budismo foi introduzido no Tibet por tr&ecirc;s correntes principais. Estas s&atilde;o: dos ensinamentos de Kim Ho-shang, dos ensinamentos de Wu Chu e dos ensinamentos do Mo ho ien. As v&aacute;rias formas do Ch&#8217;an ganharam grande popularidade. Tanto que o primeiro abade tibetano nascido do centro mon&aacute;stico mais importante, bSam yas, foi um mestre Ch&#8217;an. Ao mesmo tempo os ensinamentos rDzogs pa Chen po vindos da &Iacute;ndia foram introduzidos por Vimalamitra e Vairocana. Doutrinalmente existem semelhan&ccedil;as consider&aacute;veis entre estes dois ensinamentos. Os ensinamentos de Vimalamitra se tornaram muito populares no distrito central do Tibet. Os ensinamentos de Vairocana se tornaram populares nas &aacute;reas do Tibet pr&oacute;xima &agrave; fronteira chinesa.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">O mestre rNyingma Rong Zom viveu no tempo de Atisa. Duas gera&ccedil;&otilde;es antes dele os ensinamentos do Ch&#8217;an que sobreviveram ap&oacute;s a supress&atilde;o do Ch&#8217;an (no Tibet), foi unificado com os ensinamentos de rDzogs pa Chen po de Vairocana. Rong Zom recebeu os ensinamentos completos tanto de Vimalamitra como de Vairocana. Ele foi a primeira pessoa a conseguir isso. Ap&oacute;s o per&iacute;odo destes dois mestres, como os ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an j&aacute; estavam preservados no sistema de Vairocana, com Rong Zom o conjunto do rDzogs pa Chen po e o Ch&#8217;an tibetano foram unidos.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Estas informa&ccedil;&otilde;es est&atilde;o bem documentadas nos primeiros textos e hist&oacute;rias do rDzogs pa Chen po. Refer&ecirc;ncias adicionais podem ser encontradas tanto nos Anais Azuis, como tamb&eacute;m no material de Tun Huang.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A UNIFICAC&Atilde;O DO RDZOGS PA CHEN PO E DO CH&#8217;AN<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Nos anos passados, foi dada alguma aten&ccedil;&atilde;o ao t&oacute;pico do rDzogs pa Chen po e suas conex&otilde;es com Ch&#8217;an.(1) Embora o material que foi publicado tenha exibido estudos acad&ecirc;micos excelentes, n&atilde;o foi muito extenso. Resultou trabalho consider&aacute;vel para ser empreendido no desenvolvimento desta &aacute;rea de pesquisa. Nesse artigo, eu espero complementar outros documentos j&aacute; publicados sobre este t&oacute;pico e acrescentar para nosso conhecimento de dois modos.(2) Primeiro, eu gostaria de mostrar como a figura importante de Rong Zom desempenhou um papel chave em manter as duas tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es juntas. Segundo, eu gostaria tamb&eacute;m de mostrar como o pensamento Ch&#8217;an foi preservado e incorporado na estrutura do budismo tibetano com seu caracter indiano forte baseado no caminho de aproxima&ccedil;&atilde;o gradual. Ser&aacute; mostrado que Rong Zom forneceu realmente instrumental para unir estas tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es e o Ch&#8217;an, que embora tendo que passar por um per&iacute;odo esquecido, emergiu com vigor na escola do budismo tibetano. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A PRIMEIRA ARENA ESPIRITUAL NO TIBET <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Como &eacute; bem conhecido, o budismo iniciou sua penetra&ccedil;&atilde;o no Tibet no per&iacute;odo de Srong Sum Gam po que casou com uma princesa chinesa e outra Nepalesa. Conforme a lenda, ambas trouxeram uma est&aacute;tua de Buda. Estas est&aacute;tuas foram adequadamente guardadas e tornaram-se tesouros religiosos importantes de inspira&ccedil;&atilde;o duradoura. Antes desde evento, existiu indubitavelmente algum contato entre o Tibet central e o budismo. A lenda assegura que uma c&oacute;pia do Sutra Karandavyuha caiu do c&eacute;u. Mesmo que a veracidade desta hist&oacute;ria seja duvidosa, ainda assim ela foi repetidamente usada para mostrar a conex&atilde;o estreita das regras tibetanas com o budismo e principalmente com Availokitesvara. Existe tamb&eacute;m os relatos de que alguns monges khotaneses tenham ido para o Tibet. Isto parece razo&aacute;vel observando-se que monges e iogues n&atilde;o eram de todo desconhecidos em terras tibetanas. Ainda assim, acima de tudo, estes pequenos acontecimentos talvez s&oacute; fixem a fase de introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o mais oficial do budismo nos in&iacute;cios do 8\u00b0 e 9\u00b0 s&eacute;culo D.C. Por&eacute;m, &eacute; l&oacute;gico estes pequenos acontecimentos desenvolveram no meio da popula&ccedil;&atilde;o e, mais importante, no meio dos v&aacute;rios dirigentes,  e criaram uma base para budismo crescer. Embora a hist&oacute;ria tibetana prefira retratar os grandes monarcas do Tibet como iluminados Bodhisattvas, que intrinsecamente conheceram o valor do budismo e deste modo se dispuseram a arriscar tudo a fim de estabelec&ecirc;-lo no Tibet, a realidade desta imagem &eacute; muito diferente. &Eacute; mais prov&aacute;vel que os monarcas do Tibet tenham encontrado no budismo v&aacute;rias vantagens. A primeira e a mais importante foi provavelmente a convic&ccedil;&atilde;o de que adotando-o, a base religiosa importante do &#8220;direito dos Reis de governar,&#8221; podia estar completamente sob o controle dos monarcas. Politicamente, isto determinou futuras ramifica&ccedil;&otilde;es. Alguns dos l&iacute;deres mais distantes vivendo em &aacute;reas que limitavam-se com pa&iacute;ses budistas j&aacute; estavam sob a influ&ecirc;ncia do budismo. Isto permitiu aos monarcas no Tibet central realizarem algumas alian&ccedil;as cr&iacute;ticas relativas aos seus problemas cont&iacute;nuos com regi&otilde;es vizinhas como Zhan Zhung. Tamb&eacute;m, permitiu rela&ccedil;&otilde;es melhores com os pa&iacute;ses budistas vizinhos como a China e o Nepal. Deve-se mencionar o fato que alguns tibetanos consideraram que a magia budista era muito mais poderosa que a sua magia xam&atilde;nica nativa. Finalmente, o tibetano primitivo n&atilde;o podia mais ser impressionado pela sofistica&ccedil;&atilde;o de pensamento, pr&aacute;ticas religiosas, e outras dimens&otilde;es culturais, como educa&ccedil;&atilde;o, que aquele budismo trouxe com ele. Desta forma, foi para os monarcas uma grande vantagem nutrir o budismo e promover sua larga difus&atilde;o. A maior  base de budismo no pa&iacute;s, a mais segura foi a base do poder dos monarcas.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Dado este ambiente, os monges itinerantes foram permitidos, professores religiosos foram convidados e o financiamento de projetos de Dharma de v&aacute;rios tipos foi empreendido. N&oacute;s sabemos de fontes chinesas que a China estava informada sobre os tibetanos muitos anos antes do 8\u00b0 s&eacute;culo D.C. Estes encontros foram provavelmente ben&eacute;ficos e alguns foram notadamente de natureza militar. Os tibetanos n&atilde;o t&ecirc;m nenhuma fonte de informa&ccedil;&otilde;es compar&aacute;veis. Os tibetanos parecem ter tido apenas informa&ccedil;&otilde;es vagas sobre a &Iacute;ndia propriamente. Existiu algum contato com partes da &Iacute;ndia lim&iacute;trofes com o Tibet como a Kashmira.(3) Adicionalmente, se pode assumir que o Tibet teve algum conhecimento do que &eacute; hoje o Nepal.(4) Mas parece que careciam de informa&ccedil;&otilde;es precisas sobre &#8220;Gangatic Plane&#8221; e a terra-cora&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo. Ent&atilde;o, n&atilde;o &eacute; grande surpresa que os tibetanos olhassem primeiro para a China, inclusive Khotan e Tun Huang, na sua importa&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo.(5) As tradu&ccedil;&otilde;es mais antigas, os treinamentos mais antigos em budismo empreendidos por tibetanos, e os maiores contingentes de mestres todos eram de origem chinesa. A ocupa&ccedil;&atilde;o tibetana de Tun Huang em 780 D.C, foi um fato importante a ser considerado. Neste famoso local, muitos manuscritos foram traduzidos dos originais chineses para o tibetano. Gra&ccedil;as ao grande achado de material preservado feito no princ&iacute;pio deste s&eacute;culo, n&oacute;s agora nos tornamos cientes destes manuscritos. Por&eacute;m, um estudo detalhado do sistema de tradu&ccedil;&atilde;o usada para traduzir o chin&ecirc;s em tibetano n&atilde;o foi realizado at&eacute; o momento. Com base nisto, as informa&ccedil;&otilde;es dispon&iacute;veis indicam que nas fases mais antigas, os tibetanos gastaram muito mais tempo em tentar entender e transmitir o budismo chin&ecirc;s para sua terra nativa, do que com o budismo indiano. Isto &eacute; claro que mudaria. Como &eacute; agora bem conhecido, monges Ch&#8217;an e ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an ganharam popularidade no Tibet no in&iacute;cio de sua adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo. Claro, os v&aacute;rios estados do Tibet que eram mais &iacute;ntimos com a China e a &Aacute;sia Central (onde o Ch&#8217;an se tornou tamb&eacute;m popular) foram os mais influenciados, como Kham. Mas esta popularidade afetou a todo o mundo tibetano. Na China naquele momento, o pr&oacute;prio Ch&#8217;an e muitas escolas diferentes estavam em desenvolvimento. Por&eacute;m em Tun Huang v&aacute;rias escolas Ch&#8217;an foram representadas.(6) Esta variedade de ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an permitiram algumas combina&ccedil;&otilde;es &uacute;nicas das escolas como &eacute; representado por Mo Ho Yen (Tb. Hwa shang Mahayana). Mo Ho Yen parece ter unido alguns ensinamentos da escola Ch&#8217;an do Norte com a escola Pao T&#8217;ang. Foi esta forma h&iacute;brida de Ch&#8217;an que estava sendo propagada no Tibet.(7)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Existiam tr&ecirc;s linhas de transmiss&atilde;o do Ch&#8217;an no Tibet. Estas linhas de transmiss&atilde;o foram sustentadas por v&aacute;rias fam&iacute;lias poderosas. A primeira linha de transmiss&atilde;o foi de I chou e veio do mestre Kim (Chin ho shang). Esta linhagem foi trazida para o Tibet pelo filho de um comiss&aacute;rio chin&ecirc;s chamado Sang Shi em fontes tibetanas. A segunda linha de transmiss&atilde;o foi provavelmente do mestre Wu Chu da escola de Pao T&#8217;ang. Esta linhagem foi trazida para o Tibet pelo ministro tibetano Ye shes dbang po. A terceira foi introduzida pelo mestre famoso Mo ho yen, que viajou para o Tibet de sua resid&ecirc;ncia em Tun Huang.(8) <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">As primeiras das transmiss&otilde;es acima mencionadas aconteceram aproximadamente em 750 D.C. Antes de Sang Shi retornar da China com uma situa&ccedil;&atilde;o politicamente inst&aacute;vel, os textos foram escondidos por dois anos antes dele poder traduzi-los. Embora estes ensinamentos foram rapidamente substitu&iacute;dos pela segunda linha de transmiss&atilde;o, os ensinamentos de Sang Shi foram de import&acirc;ncia consider&aacute;vel. Tamb&eacute;m &eacute; importante o fato de que Sang Shi se tornou abade do Monast&eacute;rio bSam Yas. Este monast&eacute;rio foi o est&aacute;gio central para a introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo no Tibet.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A linha de ensinamentos originando-se em Wu Chu teve uma import&acirc;ncia mais ampla que a introduzida por Sang Shi. Inicialmente, Wu chu ou seus estudantes reivindicaram que ele recebeu a transmiss&atilde;o de mestre Kim. Embora seja altamente question&aacute;vel, na vis&atilde;o tibetana, isto deve ter sido acrescentado para seu prest&iacute;gio. Segundo, os ensinamentos radicais da escola de Pao T&#8217;ang em alguns caminhos paralelos a mais radical aproxima&ccedil;&atilde;o conseguida dos ensinamentos de Mahasiddha que estava sendo introduzida da &Iacute;ndia.(9)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A terceira linha de transmiss&atilde;o desenvolveu tanta influ&ecirc;ncia como aquela da linha de Pao T&#8217;ang, se n&atilde;o mais. Ela foi introduzida no Tibet por Mo ho yen de Tun Huang. Por&eacute;m, os eventos hist&oacute;ricos reais de sua vida como tamb&eacute;m os ensinamentos que ele legou, s&atilde;o ainda um assunto para estudos.(10) De acordo com a lenda, Mo ho yen foi o representante chin&ecirc;s no debate de Lhasa.(11) De acordo com recentes fontes tibetanas, seus ensinamentos parecem ser uma mistura do Ch&#8217;an do Norte com o Ch&#8217;an de Pao T&#8217;ang. Por&eacute;m, como observado por outros estudiosos, a historicidade do debate de Lhasa &eacute; altamente question&aacute;vel.(12) Tamb&eacute;m, mais estudos s&atilde;o necess&aacute;rios para determinar primeiro, se Mo ho yen foi influenciado pelos ensinamentos de Pao T &#8216;ang ou outras escolas Ch&#8217;an al&eacute;m da escola do Norte. Segundo, se os tibetanos atribu&iacute;ram inadvertidamente ensinamentos a Mo ho yen que n&atilde;o eram representativos de seu modo de pensar. Terceiro, at&eacute; que ponto foi Mo ho yen influenciado por outros ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an dispon&iacute;veis em Tun Huang. Finalmente, se Mo ho yen estava realmente influenciado pelos ensinamentos de Mahasiddha.(13)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Logo ap&oacute;s a primeira introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do Ch&#8217;an no Tibet, houve a introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o da forma de budismo indiano. Embora n&oacute;s percebamos um encontro natural entre os tibetanos interessados no budismo e os professores budistas em Tun Huang e os monges Ch&#8217;an itinerantes, a introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo indiano parece ter sido realizada totalmente sob o controle e por convite dos governantes. Por&eacute;m, parece extremamente improv&aacute;vel que este tenha sido o caso e eu assumiria que monges e iogues indianos itinerantes n&atilde;o eram completamente desconhecidos no Tibet. Por&eacute;m, os historiadores tibetanos nos deixaram poucas informa&ccedil;&otilde;es dos contatos mais antigos entre o Tibet e o budismo indiano, exceto os retratados acima.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">As quatro pessoas que s&atilde;o da maior import&acirc;ncia para a introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o do budismo indiano em terras tibetanas s&atilde;o: Sangha Raksita, Padmasambhava, Vairocana e Vimalamitra. Sangha Raksita s&oacute; &eacute; lembrado por sua introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o da tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o mon&aacute;stica (regras vinaya e ordena&ccedil;&atilde;o). Ele provavelmente esteve envolvido em mais atividades do que apenas estas. O famoso Padmasambhava teve seu nome associado com absolutamente tudo no budismo tibetano. Isto &eacute; mais mito que fato. Vairocana, um monge tibetano, e Vimalamitra(14) ambos estudaram com o mesmo mestre na &Iacute;ndia. Como a conex&atilde;o entre o Ch&#8217;an e o budismo tibetano &eacute; achada na tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o rDzogs pa Chen po, s&oacute; aqueles mencionados acima que tiveram uma conex&atilde;o s&oacute;lida com esta tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o ser&atilde;o discutidos. Estes seriam Vairocana e Vimalamitra. Diz-se que Padmasambhava pode ter tido um papel importante na introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o desta tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o no Tibet mas, como observado por outros estudiosos, isto &eacute; provavelmente um mito.(15) Em minha pesquisa, eu n&atilde;o encontrei nenhuma evid&ecirc;ncia s&oacute;lida que sustente a reivindica&ccedil;&atilde;o de Padmasambhava como sendo um dos transmissores iniciais.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Vimalamitra foi um indiano que viveu aproximadamente em 800 D.C. Seu professor principal foi Sri Simha. Com ele aprendeu uma tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o conhecida como Ati-yoga ou Mahasandhi (Tb. rDzogs pa Chen po). Ele posteriormente transmitiu esta tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o para o Tibet e talvez para a China.(16) Vairocana foi um dos primeiros tibetanos a se tornar monge. Ele viveu ao mesmo tempo que Vimalamitra e tamb&eacute;m estudou com Sri Simha. Ele estudou com Sri Simha na &Iacute;ndia em Dhyanakantaka, localizado no rio de Krishna.(17) Mais tarde ele trouxe a tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o de Ati-yoga para o Tibet e tamb&eacute;m para algumas outras &aacute;reas, onde o Tibet encontra a Asia Central e a China. Embora seja relatado que Vairocana s&oacute; transmitiu uma por&ccedil;&atilde;o da tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o e que Vimalamitra foi respons&aacute;vel pelas se&ccedil;&otilde;es omitidas, ap&oacute;s exame das fontes, foi determinado que Vairocana ensinou a tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o inteira.(18)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A Ati-yoga est&aacute; mais preocupada com as t&eacute;cnicas de medita&ccedil;&atilde;o que com a filosofia. Em sua filosofia, combinou componentes tanto da Yogacara como da Madhyamaka. Encontramos freq&uuml;entemente longas discuss&otilde;es sobre as oito consci&ecirc;ncias (Sk.vijnana), natureza de Buda (Sk. tathagatagarbha) e outros t&oacute;picos como estes. Tamb&eacute;m n&atilde;o &eacute; incomum encontrar tipicamente, que as posi&ccedil;&otilde;es do Madhyamaka s&atilde;o expandidas e reivindicadas como sendo a vis&atilde;o mais elevada. Este h&iacute;brido de Yogacara-Madhyamaka foi a voga filos&oacute;fica na &Iacute;ndia durante este mesmo per&iacute;odo.(19) Toda combina&ccedil;&atilde;o poss&iacute;vel dos v&aacute;rios sub-ramos da Yogacara com os sub-ramos da Madhyamaka foram desenvolvidos. Embora reivindique o contr&aacute;rio, o budismo tibetano atual est&aacute; ainda fortemente influenciado por estes h&iacute;bridos de alguma forma. Ainda mais, diferente da maioria das outras tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es na &Iacute;ndia a Ati-yoga aceitou a id&eacute;ia da ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o s&uacute;bita. Atrav&eacute;s da medita&ccedil;&atilde;o ela levou adiante a id&eacute;ia de ver a mente em sua nudez. Finalmente, defende uma aproxima&ccedil;&atilde;o com a vida n&atilde;o convencional para um budista.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Pode-se ver do par&aacute;grafo acima que existe uma &aacute;rea de concord&acirc;ncia consider&aacute;vel entre a Ati-Yoga e o Ch&#8217;an. O Ch&#8217;an desenvolveu tamb&eacute;m um h&iacute;brido de Yogacara e Madhyamaka. Ele esta baseado no Sutra Lankavatara e no Sutra do Diamante (Sk. Vajracchedaka). Embora atualmente este h&iacute;brido pare&ccedil;a ter se formado somente devido &agrave; din&acirc;mica interna do budismo chin&ecirc;s, particularmente no Ch&#8217;an, parece que nenhuma pesquisa tenha sido empreendida para investigar a conex&atilde;o dos movimentos h&iacute;bridos na &Iacute;ndia e na China onde eles aconteceram aproximadamente ao mesmo tempo. Ainda mais, o Ch&#8217;an ensina tamb&eacute;m a ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o s&uacute;bita, a n&atilde;o convencionalidade e a face original (aproximadamente equivalente a mente desnuda).<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Al&eacute;m da posi&ccedil;&atilde;o filos&oacute;fica h&iacute;brida defendida pela tradi&ccedil;&atilde;o de Ati-yoga, sua base metaf&iacute;sica est&aacute; firmemente nos Tantras. Deste modo, explica&ccedil;&otilde;es sobre medita&ccedil;&otilde;es mec&acirc;nicas, &quot;modus operandi&quot;, met&aacute;foras e outras s&atilde;o todos trazidos da literatura t&acirc;ntrica. Em contraste com isto, o Ch&#8217;an est&aacute; firmemente baseado nos Sutras.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Tanto Vimalamitra como Vairocana transmitiram os ensinamentos de Sri Simha no Tibet e instalaram linhagens separadas. Por&eacute;m, deve ter havido algum cruzamento das duas linhas durante suas vidas, por eles originarem-se do mesmo ciclo de ensinamentos e do mesmo mestre. Se n&oacute;s seguirmos a hist&oacute;ria tibetana, estas duas linhas parecem ter permanecido separadas at&eacute; o tempo de Rong Zom.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Em resumo ent&atilde;o, o retrato do budismo no Tibet no momento de Rong Zom era muito mais complexo que as fontes tibetanas mais antigas nos fazem acreditar. O Ch&#8217;an em tr&ecirc;s formas diferentes foram introduzidas e ganharam popularidade consider&aacute;vel. Isto &eacute; exemplificado pelo fato que v&aacute;rios trabalhos Ch&#8217;an foram traduzidos para o tibetano, um de seus representantes foi selecionado como abade do monast&eacute;rio mais famoso no Tibet naquele momento e que v&aacute;rios representantes (tanto chineses como tibetanos) do Ch&#8217;an ganharam apoio real no Tibet. O rDzogs pa Chen po (ou Ati-yoga) do Mahasiddha Sri Simha, que tem elementos consider&aacute;veis em comum com Ch&#8217;an tinha sido tamb&eacute;m introduzido.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">No tempo de Rong Zom, estes ensinamentos s&uacute;bitos do Ch&#8217;an e do rDzogs pa Chen po estavam recebendo menos &ecirc;nfase e a aproxima&ccedil;&atilde;o gradual do budismo indiano come&ccedil;ava a fazer-se sentir. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">HAGIOGRAFIA DE RONG ZOM<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">&Eacute; importante observar que Rong Zom recebeu ambas as linhas de Ati-yoga originadas de Vimalamitra e Vairocana. Vairocana estabeleceu estes ensinamentos na &aacute;rea de Kham. Ele trabalhou tamb&eacute;m no Tibet central, mas sua linha de transmiss&atilde;o foi muito mais forte em Kham. Vimalamitra, por&eacute;m, dedicou seu tempo principalmente ao ensino no Tibet central e ent&atilde;o, sua linha era mais forte l&aacute;. Que estas duas linhas de Ati-yoga tenham se reunido n&atilde;o &eacute; de todo surpreendente. Uma vez que o budismo cresceu para tornar-se nacional no Tibet, v&aacute;rios grupos pequenos n&atilde;o permaneceram mais isolados um do outro. Quaisquer que sejam as tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es e pr&aacute;ticas que eles estivessem seguindo poderiam ser facilmente conhecidas por outros. Isto permitiu que pessoas como Rong Zom possu&iacute;sse v&aacute;rias tradi&ccedil;&otilde;es. O que &eacute; de interesse consider&aacute;vel para n&oacute;s aqui &eacute; a conex&atilde;o dos ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an com a linhagem rDzogs pa Chen po. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">RONG ZOM<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Rong Zom foi o filho de Rong ban Rin chen Tshul khrims. Ele era famoso como um grande P&acirc;ndita tibetano. Ele nasceu em Khungs rong na fronteira do baixo gTsang. Um pouco antes disto um estudioso chamado Acarya Smritijnanakirti veio para Khams, e traduziu v&aacute;rios tantras. Depois de sua morte, ele renasceu como Rong Zom. Outros dizem, que um p&acirc;ndita chamado Acarya Phra la Ring mo veio para Khams. Ele traduziu tamb&eacute;m um coment&aacute;rio no gSang sning rGyud (sk. Guhya garbha Tantra), e ensinou este tantra. Depois de sua morte, ele renasceu como Rong Zom. Quando o senhor Atisa encontrou Rong Zom disse: &#8220;Este Senhor &eacute; a encarna&ccedil;&atilde;o do indiano Acarya Krisnapada o Grande. Como posso eu discutir a Doutrina com ele.&#8221; Rong Zom estudou os sutras com sete anos de idade. Ap&oacute;s os treze anos, ele se tornou um grande estudioso, completou seus estudos e se tornou conhecido como &#8220;um esclarecido em todos as &aacute;reas do conhecimento&#8221;. Todos os tratados compostos por ele n&atilde;o contradisseram as escrituras, os racioc&iacute;nios e as explica&ccedil;&otilde;es dadas a ele por seu professor. Eles estavam livres de m&aacute;culas nas palavras e significado, e eles eram conhecidos como sendo irrefut&aacute;veis por outros estudiosos famosos. Al&eacute;m disso, ele foi tamb&eacute;m um grande tradutor. Ele traduziu o: Sri Vajramahabhairava nama Tantra, o Sarvatathagatakayavakcittakrsnayamari nama Tantra, o &#8216;Jam dpal sNgags don, o Abhidhana uttaratantra e outros textos. Seus coment&aacute;rios e tradu&ccedil;&otilde;es cobriram todo o espectro dos ensinamentos budistas. Seu trabalho no rDzogs pa Chen po intitulado: rDzogs pa Chen po&#8217;i lTa sgom Man ngag&#8230; Preceitos sobre a Teoria e Pr&aacute;tica Meditativa da Grande Realiza&ccedil;&atilde;o foi e import&acirc;ncia consider&aacute;vel.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Durante este per&iacute;odo aconteceu um debate religioso assistido por todos os estudiosos dos quatro distritos do Tibet. A inten&ccedil;&atilde;o era debater com ele, sustentando a opini&atilde;o de que era impr&oacute;prio, para pessoas nascidas no Tibet, compor tratados. Depois de examinarem cuidadosamente um de seus tratados e de debater o assunto com ele, todos ficaram maravilhados, e cada um se sentiu honrado em escutar sua exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o da Doutrina. Ele ouviu os preceitos secretos de Acarya Padma (sambhava) transmitido atrav&eacute;s da linhagem espiritual de sNam mKha rDo rje bDud Joms e mKhar chen dPal gyi dBang phyug e assim por diante at&eacute; o Rong ban Rin chen Tshul khrims. Al&eacute;m disso, a (Linhagem) que se originou com Vairocana tamb&eacute;m foi recebida. Esta &eacute; uma das Linhagens de &#8220;N&iacute;vel da Mente (Sems sde)&#8221; (dos ensinamentos rDzogs chen). Em lDan gLong thang sGron ma apareceu um asceta chamado Um ro Ye shes &#8216;Byung gnas, que possu&iacute;a os preceitos secretos do s&eacute;timo v&iacute;nculo na cadeia da Linhagem indiana, como tamb&eacute;m aqueles do s&eacute;timo v&iacute;nculo da linhagem chinesa de Hwa shang (ho shang). Ele transmitiu o sistema para Cog ro Zangs dKar mDzod khur e para Ta zi Bon ston. Estes dois ensinaram-no para Rong Zom. Esta (Linhagem) &eacute; chamada &#8220;(Linhagem) da Grande Realiza&ccedil;&atilde;o (rDzogs chen) de acordo com o m&eacute;todo de Khams&#8221;. Por outro lado, Vimala (mitra) ensinou a Doutrina para Myang Ting dzin bZang po como tamb&eacute;m transmitiu os preceitos secretos para rMa Rin chen mChog e gNyags Jnanakumara. Estes dois os transmitiram gradualmente para Rong Zom. Entretanto as datas de nascimento e morte deste grande homem, como dito acima, n&atilde;o foram encontradas, dizem que Atisa, em sua chegada no Tibet, o encontrou. Ent&atilde;o, ele deve ser considerado como sendo um contempor&acirc;neo dele e de &#8216;Go Lo tsa ba.(20)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">O ponto mais importante a ser observado com o visto acima foi que Rong Zom recebeu uma forma h&iacute;brida da linhagem de rDzogs pa Chen po originada com Vairocana como tamb&eacute;m da linhagem de rDzogs pa Chen po originada com Vimalamitra. A linhagem originada com Vimalamitra foi tradicionalmente associada &agrave;s duas classes mais elevadas dos ensinamentos encontrados no rDzogs pa chen po; i.e., as classes de grande expans&atilde;o e instru&ccedil;&atilde;o. Os ensinamentos de Vairocana s&atilde;o tradicionalmente considerados como sendo s&oacute; no &#8220;n&iacute;vel da Mente (Sems sde)&#8221;. Embora, a partir de uma pesquisa hist&oacute;rica adequada, se possa pensar que ambos os professores ensinaram realmente todas as tr&ecirc;s classes do rDzogs pa chen po, a afilia&ccedil;&atilde;o tradicionalmente atribu&iacute;da n&atilde;o deve ser omitida ao observar-se o desenvolvimento da linha dos ensinamentos.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">S&atilde;o de interesse consider&aacute;vel para nossa investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o as seguintes linhas tiradas do hagiografia: &#8220;Adicionalmente, a (linhagem) que se originou com Vairocana (tamb&eacute;m  foi recebida). Esta &eacute; uma das linhagens da &#8220;n&iacute;vel da Mente (Sems sde)&#8221; dos ensinamentos rDzogs pa Chen po. Em lDan gLong thang sGron ma apareceu um asceta chamado A ro Ye shes &#8216;Byung gnas, que transmitiu os preceitos secretos do s&eacute;timo v&iacute;nculo na cadeia da Linhagem indiana, bem como os do s&eacute;timo v&iacute;nculo da linhagem chinesa de Hwa shang (ho shang). Ele transmitiu o sistema para Cog ro zangs dKar mDzod khur e to Ta zi Bon ston. Estes dois ensinaram-no para Rong Zom&#8221;. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Aqui n&oacute;s vemos que a linhagem da &#8220;n&iacute;vel da Mente (Sems sde)&#8221; ou o rDzogs pa Chen po que era ensinado em Kham por Variocana (a linhagem indiana) foi unido com uma forma que se origina na China que seu professor identificou como Hwa shang. Embora seja tentador associar este Hwa Shang com o famoso Mo ho yen Hwa Shang n&atilde;o existe qualquer evid&ecirc;ncia para confirmar esta identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o direta. Mo ho yen foi um professor de Ch&#8217;an de Tun Huang. Estas duas linhas de ensinamentos j&aacute; estavam associadas uma com a outra quando Rong Zom recebeu os ensinamentos. Deste modo o Ch&#8217;an e o rDzogs pa Chen po foram unidos s&oacute; duas gera&ccedil;&otilde;es antes de Rong Zom. Por&eacute;m, se n&oacute;s aceitarmos a vis&atilde;o tradicional de que o sistema de Vairocana limitava-se ao &#8220;n&iacute;vel da Mente (Sems sde)&#8221;, ent&atilde;o, o Ch&#8217;an s&oacute; teria sido unido com este n&iacute;vel. N&atilde;o foi at&eacute; Rong Zom, ele pr&oacute;prio, trouxe os ensinamentos de Vimalamitra junto com os ensinamentos de Kham, em que todo o rDzogs pa Chen po foi unido e estes incluiriam os ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">DOUTRINA DO RDZOGS PA CHEN PO <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Como com a maioria das formas mais antigas do budismo de Mahayana os ensinamentos rDzogs pa Chen po representam uma forma de Yogacara-Madyamaka em sua postura doutrinal. A Yogacara forma os modelos de funcionamento para entender a mente. A Madhyamaka &eacute; usada na forma&ccedil;&atilde;o das declara&ccedil;&otilde;es da verdade. Al&eacute;m destas, uma teoria desenvolvida de Tathagatagarbha emergiu como base para todas as posi&ccedil;&otilde;es doutrinais assumidas.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A escola rNyingma, em que os ensinamentos rDzogs pa Chen po s&atilde;o encontrados, em geral, tem v&aacute;rias caracter&iacute;sticas filos&oacute;ficas &uacute;nicas. Na &aacute;rea do Yogacara, defende uma teoria de 9 consci&ecirc;ncias. Aceita as 6 consci&ecirc;ncias da mente e os 5 ju&iacute;zos como tamb&eacute;m o manas. A Alayavijnana &eacute; dividida em duas partes. A primeira &eacute; chamada Alayavijnana e representa  a capacidade de armazenar as sementes carmicas. A segunda, &eacute; chamada Alaya e representa &#8220;todo o ch&atilde;o&#8221; que permite o funcionamento do in&iacute;cio do processo inteiro com a Alayavijnana. Aqui n&oacute;s podemos talvez entender a Alaya como o aspecto distra&iacute;do (ignorante) de Tathagatagarbha.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Existe tamb&eacute;m uma distin&ccedil;&atilde;o feita entre Tathagatagarbha e Sugatagarbha. A primeira s&atilde;o os fen&ocirc;menos tomados por indiv&iacute;duos ignorantes comuns e a segunda s&atilde;o os mesmos fen&ocirc;menos mas tomados por indiv&iacute;duos iluminados. Uma clara distin&ccedil;&atilde;o entre estes dois &eacute; importante na compreens&atilde;o das declara&ccedil;&otilde;es feitas ao longo de toda a doutrina rDzogs pa Chen po. A verdade &uacute;ltima &eacute; entendida em condi&ccedil;&otilde;es habituais de Madhyamaka. O fato &eacute; que s&oacute; duas possibilidades s&atilde;o permitidas, i.e., samsara e ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o, relacionadas diretamente a verdade convencional e &uacute;ltima. O nirvana quase sempre &eacute; usado em um sentido negativo como uma pequena paz conseguida pelos seguidores do Hinayana e n&atilde;o visto como uma ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o total e completa. Em vista de que s&oacute; existem duas possibilidades, ou estamos no samsara ou n&atilde;o estamos. Esta vis&atilde;o n&atilde;o permite nenhuma possibilidade de existir um caminho real. A ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; vista como acontecendo de repente. A libera&ccedil;&atilde;o da mente e das formas s&atilde;o todas naturais. A atividade espont&acirc;nea &eacute; a resposta correta e apropriada para qualquer situa&ccedil;&atilde;o. Quando a mente &eacute; livre, ent&atilde;o, todas as coisas s&atilde;o tamb&eacute;m livres, ent&atilde;o tudo &eacute; naturalmente e espontaneamente auto-liberado. O subproduto inicial do processo de medita&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; um estado de n&atilde;o-pensamento. O desenvolvimento posterior permite ao indiv&iacute;duo estar em um estado de n&atilde;o-pensamento de n&atilde;o-pensamento. Os textos usam continuamente as condi&ccedil;&otilde;es relativas ao n&atilde;o-pensamento; por exemplo, sem movimento, n&atilde;o-pensamento, nenhuma percep&ccedil;&atilde;o, etc. como representando s&oacute; o subproduto do processo de medita&ccedil;&atilde;o. A &ecirc;nfase &eacute; dada &agrave; id&eacute;ia de &#8220;Rig pa.&#8221; Rig pa significa consci&ecirc;ncia primitiva (original) pura. Esta consci&ecirc;ncia pura pode ser um estado em que n&atilde;o nos movemos do n&atilde;o dual. A palavra pode ser tamb&eacute;m usada como um verbo &#8220;estar simplesmente presente&#8221; quando n&oacute;s estivermos no estado de n&atilde;o-pensamento de n&atilde;o-pensamento, este estado &eacute; tamb&eacute;m sem movimento do n&atilde;o dual.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">ESTRUTURA DE RDZOGS PA CHEN PO<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">De acordo com Long chen pa, o rDzogs pa Chen po &eacute; dividido em duas linhas principais. A primeiras &eacute; o rDzogs pa Chen po em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o com outros caminhos e a Grande Explica&ccedil;&atilde;o. As escolas rNyingma divide o budismo inteiro como segue:<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Caminho inferior <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 1. sravaka<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 2. pratiyekabuddha<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 3. bodhisattva (ensinamentos do sutra mahaiana)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 4. kriya tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 5. carya tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 6. ioga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 7. mahayoga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 8. anuyoga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 9. atiyoga tantra (rDzogs pa chen po) <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Caminho mais elevado<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">O rDzogs pa Chen p&oacute;, em rela&ccedil;&otilde;es aos outros caminhos, mantem a vis&atilde;o geral como explicada nos textos rDzogs pa Chen po, enquanto praticando quaisquer dos caminhos do 1 ao 8. Nem todos os indiv&iacute;duos t&ecirc;m que come&ccedil;ar com o primeiro. A pr&aacute;tica inicial &eacute; de acordo com a capacidade de cada indiv&iacute;duo. O ponto importante &eacute; manter a vis&atilde;o rDzogs pa Chen po enquanto se fizer qualquer pr&aacute;tica. A base desta vis&atilde;o &eacute; que n&oacute;s somos todos j&aacute; somos Budas. N&oacute;s tomamos parte nas atividades de qualquer caminho porque esta &eacute; a atividade de um Buda. Por exemplo, Sakyamuni mesmo percebendo completamente a vis&atilde;o rDzogs pa Chen po ele seguiu os sistemas Hinayana a fim de ensinar. Ele praticou os tantras para relacionar-se com outros budas bem como para ensinar. Ent&atilde;o, &eacute; importante aprender algo dos outros caminhos para poder tomar parte da atividade dos Budas.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">A Grande Explica&ccedil;&atilde;o se relaciona &agrave;s tr&ecirc;s divis&otilde;es do rDzogs pa chen po. Estas s&atilde;o o n&iacute;vel da Mente, o n&iacute;vel da Grande Expans&atilde;o e o n&iacute;vel das Instru&ccedil;&otilde;es. O n&iacute;vel da Mente ensina o ver a mente em sua nudez. O n&iacute;vel da Grande Expans&atilde;o ensina a abertura do ser (aspecto experimental de sunyata). O n&iacute;vel das Instru&ccedil;&otilde;es ensina as t&eacute;cnicas para a estabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o e a incorpora&ccedil;&atilde;o total da vis&atilde;o e experi&ecirc;ncias globais da ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Existem claro que muitos pontos importantes que n&atilde;o s&atilde;o apresentados aqui em nosso breve esbo&ccedil;o. Basicamente, as v&aacute;rias medita&ccedil;&otilde;es s&atilde;o indicadas para produzir um estado de n&atilde;o-pensamento e mais tarde n&atilde;o-pensamento de n&atilde;o-pensamento. Existem t&eacute;cnicas de visualiza&ccedil;&atilde;o usadas para favorecer um contato com outros n&iacute;veis t&acirc;ntricos. As met&aacute;foras usadas s&atilde;o normalmente retiradas dos tantras. Por&eacute;m, at&eacute; as medita&ccedil;&otilde;es de visualiza&ccedil;&otilde;es s&atilde;o consideravelmente simplificadas quando comparadas com outros tipos de tantras. Os n&iacute;veis mais altos de pr&aacute;tica s&atilde;o que os que v&ecirc;m diretamente o estado n&atilde;o dual.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Rong Zom herdou um sistema de rDzogs pa Chen po dos ensinamentos de Kham, que j&aacute; se havia misturado com o Ch&#8217;an da China e com os ensinamentos indianos sobre a ilumina&ccedil;&atilde;o s&uacute;bita. Como assinalado estes ensinamentos foram introduzidos por Vairocana. Tamb&eacute;m, como indicado, o Ch&#8217;an foi associado com o n&iacute;vel da Mente do rDzogs pa chen po. Quando Rong Zom trouxe estes ensinamentos de Kham junto com os ensinamentos de Vimalamitra, o Ch&#8217;an teve sua associa&ccedil;&atilde;o com o n&iacute;vel da Mente mantida. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">CONCLUS&Atilde;O<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">N&oacute;s vimos que foi o famoso yogi e estudioso Rong Zom que trouxe os ensinamentos de Vimalamitra e Vairocana em conjunto formando ent&atilde;o um sistema completo e abrangente de ensinamentos de rDzogs pa chen po. Antes disso, os ensinamentos do n&iacute;vel da Mente se foram associados com os ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an que vieram da China. Percebendo que os ensinamentos Ch&#8217;an tinham uma rela&ccedil;&atilde;o doutrinal muito pr&oacute;xima com o rDzogs pa chen po, a fus&atilde;o dos dois foi um acontecimento natural. Os mestres tibetanos mais antigos esqueceram esta conex&atilde;o e continuaram a ensinar o Ch&#8217;an em associa&ccedil;&atilde;o com outros ensinamentos de rDzogs pa chen po. Esta associa&ccedil;&atilde;o foi esquecida t&atilde;o completamente que anos mais tarde, quando o rNyingma foi acusado de difundir ensinamentos semelhantes ao pensamento chin&ecirc;s (um dos maiores crimes religiosos no Tibet), eles negariam energicamente tais acusa&ccedil;&otilde;es. Em defesa, eles apontavam para a origem indiana do rDzogs pa chen po. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b><font face=\"Verdana\" size=1>NOTAS<\/font><\/b><br \/>1. ver Norbu, Namkha. &#8220;rDzogs Chen &amp; Zen.&#8221; Zhan Zhung Press 1985. b; Broughton, Jeffrey.&#8221;Early Ch&#8217;an Schools in Tibet&#8221; c; Gomez, Luis O.&#8221;The Direct &amp; Gradual Approach of Zen Master Mahayana&#8230;&#8221;\/ b&amp;c in: Studies of Ch&#8217;an and Hua Yen Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1983. d; Lancaster &amp; Lai.: Early Ch&#8217;an in China &amp; Tibet. Berkeley Buddhist Stds. Series 1983. e; my previous publications are under the name of Hanson-Barber. 1. &#8220;No-Thought in Pao AT&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an &amp; Early Ati-yoga&#8221; JIABS #2, vol. 9. 1986; The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana Ann Arbor. Microfilm Int. 1985.<br \/>2. Para rDzogs Chen em geral ver: Norbu &amp; Lipman. Primordial Experience. Shambala. Boston 1987; Lipman &amp; Peterson. You are the Eyes of the World. Navato. Lotsawa Pub. 1986. Guenther, H.V Kindly Bent to Ease Us. Emeryville, Dharma Press, 1978; Dowman, K. &#8220;The Three Incisive Precepts of Garab Dorje.&#8221; Diamond Sow Pub. 1982; Hanson-Barber, A.W. &#8220;The Two Other Homes of Ati-Yoga in India.&#8221; JISIBS vo1.4; &#8220;The Identification of dGa&#8217; rab rDo rje.&#8221; JIABS #2. vol. 9. 1986.<br \/>3. O primeiro enviado oficial foi Thomi Sambhota que foi estudar idioma.<br \/>4. Os grandes caminhos do que &eacute; agora o Nepal foi parte do Tibet em outros tempos. <br \/>5. Os manuscritos tibetanos encontrados em Tun Huang formam uma extensa cole&ccedil;&atilde;o.<br \/>6. N&oacute;s encontramos textos preservados das escolas: Ch&#8217;an do Norte, Ch&#8217;an de Pao T&#8217;ang, Ch&#8217;an do Sul, Ch&#8217;an Ox head e outros.<br \/>7. ibid. Hanson-Barber. &#8220;No-Thought in Pao T&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an&#8230;&#8221;.<br \/>8. ver note l. b &amp; c.<br \/>9. op cit. Hanson-Barber<br \/>10. op cit. Studies in Ch&#8217;an &amp; Hua Yen.<br \/>11. Tucci, G. Minor Buddhist Texts I &amp; II. Delhi, 1986. Motilal Banarsidass. and Bu Ton History of Indian Buddhism.<br \/>12. Embora seja question&aacute;vel, o s&iacute;mbolo do debate &eacute; importante. Representa a pol&iacute;tica oficial do Tibet de rejeitar a influ&ecirc;ncia chinesa em um alto n&iacute;vel. A import&acirc;ncia pol&iacute;tica disto &eacute; inquestion&aacute;vel.<br \/>13. Mestre Wu Chu pode ter tido alguma conex&atilde;o com o Tantra. Ele &eacute; indicado como falando sobre &#8220;Dharani Gate&#8221; (pg.13. op cit. Studies in Ch&#8217;an &amp; Hua Yen). Mo ho yen &eacute; fortemente associado com Wu Chu em fontes tibetanas. Tucci (op cit.) as admite que alguns dos mestres de Ati-yoga estavam ao lado de Mo ho yen ap&oacute;ia no debate.<br \/>14. Existem dosi Vimalamitras. Um foi um homem da lei e outro um monge. Os problemas hist&oacute;ricos n&atilde;o foram classificados ainda. <br \/>15. ver: Dargyay, E.M. The Rise of Esoteric Buddhism in Tibet Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976. and Hanson-Barber. The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana, ibid.<br \/>16. Vimalamitra e outros mestres tantricos, bem como Wu Tai Shan, parecem ter ido atrav&eacute;s do Tibet para Tun Huan. Alguns textos rDzogs Chen texts foram encontrados em Tun Huang. Ver Norbu &amp; Lipman, op cit, pg. 7 &amp; 137 n. 19<br \/>17. ver Hanson-Barber op cit. &#8220;The Two Other Homes of Ati-yoga&#8230;&#8221;<br \/>18. Hanson-Barber, op cit. The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana.<br \/>19. Sangharaksita ensinou tamb&eacute;m uma forma h&iacute;brida das duas escolas. Ainda que ele n&atilde;o foi associado com o rDzogs Chen.<br \/>20. Ruegg. S. The Blue Annals.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div style=\"text-align:right\"><a href=\"#inicio\"><font size=\"2\">Topo<\/font><\/a><\/div>\n<p><font face=\"Verdana\" size=2><\/font><font face=\"Verdana\" size=4><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a name=\"b\"><b>The Unifying of Rdzogs Pa Chen Po and Ch&#8217;an<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/font> <\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align:right\"><font size=\"1\"><i><b>Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal<br \/>By A. W. Barber<br \/>Vol.3, 04.1990<br \/>PP.301-317<\/b><\/i><\/font><\/div>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Summary <\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">The traditional accounts of the early history of Tibetan Buddhism are far from unbiased. They do not portray accurately the history of Buddhism as it first moved into that country. The political\/social context was far more complex than traditional accounts would lead one to believe. Ch&#8217;an Buddhism was introduced into Tibet in three main currents. These are: from Kim Ho-shang&#8217;s teachings, from Wu Chu&#8217;s teachings and from Mo ho yen&#8217;s teachings. The various forms of Ch&#8217;an gained wide popularity. So much so that the first Tibetan born abbot of the most important monastic center, bSam yas, was a Ch&#8217;an master. At the same time the rDzogs pa Chen po teachings from India were being introduced by Vimalamitra and Vairocana. Doctrinally there are considerable similarities between these two teachings. The teachings of Vimalamitra became very popular in the central district of Tibet. The teachings of Vairocana became popular in the areas of Tibet near the Chinese border.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The rNyingma master Rong Zom lived at the time of Atisa. Two generations before him the Ch&#8217;an teachings that survived after the suppression of Ch&#8217;an (in Tibet), were unified with the rDzogs pa Chen po teachings of Vairocana. Rong Zom received the entire teachings of both Vimalamitra and Vairocana. He was the first person to do so. After the time of these two masters. Because the Ch&#8217;an teachings were already preserved in the system of Vairocana, with Rong Zom the whole of the rDzogs pa Chen po and Tibetan Ch&#8217;an were united.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> This information is well documented in early rDzogs pa Chen po texts and histories. Further references are to be found in The Blue Annals. as well as material from Tun Huang.<\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">THE UNIFYING OF RDZOGS PA CHEN PO AND CH&#8217;AN<\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> In the past few years, there has been some attention paid to the topic of rDzogs pa Chen po and its connections with Ch&#8217;an.(1) Although the material that has been published has exhibited excellent scholarship, it has not been very extensive. There remains considerable work to be undertaken in developing this area of research. In the following paper, I hope to build on my other published papers on this topic and add to our knowedge in two ways.(2) First, I would like to show how the important figure of Rong Zom played a key role in bringing the two traditions together. Second, 1 would also like to show how Ch&#8217;an thought was preserved and incorporated into the structure of Tibetan Buddhism with its strong Indian based gradualistic path approach. It will be shown that Rong Zom was indeed instrumental in the uniting of these traditions and that Ch&#8217;an, although having to go underground for a period, emerged at the very pennicle of one school of Tibetan Buddhism. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">THE EARLY SPIRITUAL ARENA IN TIBET <\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> As is well known, Buddhism first started filtering into Tibet at the time of Srong Sum Gam po who married both a Chinese princess and a Nepalese princess. As legend has it, both brought with them a statue of the Buddha. These statues were duely enshrined and preceeded to become important religious treasures of lasting inspiration. Previous to this event, there were undoubtedly some contact between central Tibet and Buddhism. Legend holds that a copy of the Karandavyuha Sutra fell from the sky. While the validity this story may have is undetermined, yet it was used repeatedly to show the close connection of Tibetan rulers with Buddhism and notably with Avaiokitesvara. There is also a report of some Khotanese monks having gone to Tibet. It seems reasonable to assume that wondering monks and yogis were not altogether unknown on Tibetan soil. Yet, at best these minor incidents, perhaps only set the stage for the more official introduction of Buddhism in the late 8th and 9th century A.D. However, it is logical these minor incidents developed among the population and, more importantly, among the various chieftains, a base for Buddhism to grow. Although Tibetan history prefers to portray the great kings of Tibet as enlightened Bodhisattvas, who intrinsically knew the value of Buddhism and were thus willing to risk all in order to establish it in Tibet, the reality of such a portrayal is very different. The Kings of Tibet most likely saw in Buddhism several advantages. The first and for most was probably the belief that by adopting it, the important religious base of the &#8220;Kings right to rule,&#8221; could be completely under the kings control. Politically, this had further ramifications. Some of the more remote chieftains living in areas that boardered Buddhist countries were already coming under the influence of Buddhism. This allowed the kings in central Tibet to have some critical alliances in their continuing problems with neighboring regions such as Zhan Zhung. Also, it allowed for better relationships with the surrounding Buddhist countries such as China and Nepal. Mention must be made of the fact that some Tibetans considered that Buddhist magic was by far more powerful than their native shamanistic magic. Finally, the primitive Tibetans could not but be impressed by the sophistication of thought, religious practices, and other cultural dimensions, such as education, that Buddhism brought with it. Thus, it was to the kings every advantage to foster Buddhism and promote its wide diffusial. The larger the base of Buddhism in the country, the more secure was the kings base of power.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Given this environment, wondering monks were permitted, religious teachers were invited and the financing of Dharma projects of various sorts were undertaken. We know from Chinese sources that China was very much aware of Tibetans for many years before the 8th century A.D. These encounters were probably beneficial and some were reportedly military in nature. The Tibetan have no source of comparable information. Tibetans seem to have had only vague information about India proper. There had been some contact with parts of India that bordered Tibet such as Kashmire.(3) Further, it is safe to assume that Tibet had some knowledge of what is now Nepal.(4) but accurate information of the Gangatic Plane and the heart- land of Buddhism seems to have been lacking. Therefore, it was not at all suprising to find that the Tibetans first looked to China, including Khotan and Tun Huang, for its importation of Buddhism.(5) The earliest translations made, the earliest training in Buddhism undertaken by Tibetans, and the largest contingent of masters all were Chinese in origin. Of important consideration was the Tibetan occupation of Tun Huang in 780 A.D. At this famous site, many manuscripts were translated from the Chinese originals into Tibetan. Thanks to the large find of such preserved material made in the beginning of this century, we now have become aware of these manuscripts. However, a detailed study of the translation system used for translating Chinese into Tibetan has not come to light so far. Be this as it may, the available information indicates that at the earliest stages, the Tibetans were spending far more time in trying to understand and to transmit Chinese Buddhism to their native soil, than they were Indian Buddhism per se. This of course would change. As is now well known, Ch&#8217;an monks and Ch&#8217;an teachings gained popularity in Tibet early in their adaption of Buddhism. Of course, the various states of Tibet that were closest to China and Central Asia (where Ch&#8217;an had also become popular) were the most influenced, such as Kham. But this popularity had affected the whole of the Tibetan world. In China at this time, Ch&#8217;an was coming into its own and many different schools were developing. However, at Tun Huang various Ch&#8217;an schools were represented.(6) This assortment of Ch&#8217;an teachings allowed for some unique mixes of schools as is represented by Mo Ho Yen (Tb. Hwa shang Mahayana). Mo Ho Yen seems to have blended some teachings of the Northern school of Ch&#8217;an with the Pao T&#8217;ang school. It was this hybrid form of Ch&#8217;an that was being propagated in Tibet.(7)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> There were three transmission lines of Ch&#8217;an into Tibet. These lines of transmission were supported by several powerful families. The first line of transmission was from I chou and came from the master Kim (Chin ho shang). This lineage was brought to Tibet by the son of a Chinese commissioner named Sang Shi in Tibetan sources. The second line of transmission was probably from master Wu Chu of the Pao T&#8217;ang school. This lineage was brought to Tibet by the Tibetan minister Ye shes dbang po. The third was introduced by the famous master Mo ho yen, who traveled to Tibet from his residency at Tun Huang.(8) <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">The first of the above mentioned transmissions took place in circa 750 A.D. Upon Sang Shi&#8217;s return from China to a politically unstable situation, the texts were hidden for two years before he could translate them. Although these teachings were to be quickly superseded by the second line of transmission, Sang shi&#8217;s teachings were of considerable importance. Also of importance is the fact that Sang shi became abbot of bSam Yas Monastery. This monastery was the central stage for the introduction of Buddhism into Tibet.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">The line of teachings stemming from Wu Chu took on far greater importance than that introduced by Sang Shi. First, Wu chu or his students claimed that he had received the transmission from master Kim. Although this is highly questionable, in the Tibetan eyes, this must have added to his prestige. Second, the radical teachings of the Pao T&#8217;ang school in some ways parallels the more radical approach taken in the Mahasiddha&#8217;s teachings which were being introduced from India.(9)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">The third line of transmission developed as much influence as that of the Pao T&#8217;ang line, if not more. This was introduced to Tibet by Mo ho yen of Tun Huang. However, the actual historical events of his life as well as the teachings he passed on, are still a subject of study.(10) According to legend, Mo ho yen was the Chinese representative at the debate of Lhasa.(11) According to late Tibetan sources, his teachings seem to be a mixture of both late Northern Ch&#8217;an and the Pao T&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an. However, as noted by other scholars, the historicity of the Lhasa debate is highly questionable.(12) Also, more study is needed to determine first, if Mo ho yen was influenced by Pao T&#8217;ang teachings or other Ch&#8217;an schools besides the Northern school. Second, if the Tibetans had inadvertently assigned teachings to Mo ho yen that were not representative of his position. Third, to what extent was Mo ho yen influenced by the other Ch&#8217;an teachings available at Tun Huang. Finally, if Mo ho yen was actually influenced by the Mahasiddha teachings.(13)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Slightly after the first introduction of Ch&#8217;an in Tibet, there was the introduction of Indian forms of Buddhism. Although we read of a natural encounter between Tibetans interested in Buddhism and Buddhist teachers at Tun Huang and of wondering Ch&#8217;an monks, the introduction of Indian Buddhism seems to have been totally under the control and by invitation only of the ruling house. However, it seems extremely unlikely that this was the case and I would assume that wondering Indian monks and yogis were not completely unknown in Tibet. However, Tibetan historians have left us little information of the earliest contacts between Tibet and Indian Buddhism except the above picture.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The four people who are of most important for the introduction of Indian Buddhism on Tibetan soil are: Sangha Raksita, Padmasambhava, Vairocana and Vimalamitra. Sangha Raksita is only remembered for his introduction of the monastic tradition (vinaya rules &amp; ordination). He was probably involved in more activities than just that. The famous Padmasambhava has had his name associated with absolutely everything in Tibetan Buddhism. This is more myth than fact. Vairocana, a Tibetan monk, and Vimalamitra(14) both studied under the same master in India. Because the connection between Ch&#8217;an and Tibetan Buddhism is found in the rDzogs pa Chen po tradition, only those mentioned above who had a solid connection with this tradition will be discussed. That would be Vairocana and Vimalamitra. Padmasambhava is said to have had a major role in the introduction of this tradition into Tibet but, as noted by other scholars, this is probably a myth.(15) From my own research, I have found no solid evidence to support Padmasambhava being claimed as one of the initial transmitters.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Vimalamitra was an Indian who lived circa 800 A.D. His main teacher was Sri Simha. From him he had learned a tradition known as Ati-yoga or Mahasandhi (Tb. rDzogs pa Chen po). He later transmitted this tradition to Tibet and perhaps China.(16) Vairocana was one of the first Tibetans to become a monk. He lived at the same time as Vimalamitra and also studied with Sri Simha. He studied with Sri Simha in India at Dhyanakantaka, located on the Krishna river.(17) He later brought the tradition of Ati-yoga back to Tibet and also some of the outlining areas, were Tibet meets Central Asia\/China. Although it is reported that Vairocana only transmitted a portion of the tradition and that Vimalamitra was responsible for the section left out, upon scrutiny of the resources, it has been determined that Vairocana taught the entire tradition.(18)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The Ati-yoga is more concerned with meditational techniques than philosophy. In its philosophy, it has combined components of both Yogacara and Madhyamaka. One often finds lengthy discussions of the eight consciousness (Sk.vijnana), Buddha-nature (Sk. tathagatagarbha) and other such topics. It is also not uncommon to find typically, that the Madhyamaka positions are expanded and claimed to be the highest view. This hybrid of Yogacara-Madhyamaka was the philosophical vogue in India during this same time period.(19) Every possible combination of the various sub-branches of the Yogacara with the sub-branches of the Madhyamaka was developed. Although claimed otherwise, present day Tibetan Buddhism is still strongly influenced by these hybrids in one way or another. Further, unlike most of the other traditions in India the Ati-yoga accepted the idea of sudden enlightenment. Meditationally it put forth the idea of seeing the mind in its nakedness. Finally, it promoted a non conventional approach to life as a Buddhist.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> One can see from the above paragraph that there is considerable common ground between the Ati-yoga and Ch&#8217;an. Ch&#8217;an also had developed a hybrid of Yogacara and Madhyamaka. This is based on the Lankavatara Sutra and the Diamond Sutra (Sk. Vajracchedaka). Although at present this hybrid appears to have formed solely due to the internal dynamics of Chinese Buddhism, particularly in Ch&#8217;an,it seems that no research has been undertaken to investigate the connection of the hybrid movements in India and China where they occurred at about the same time. Further, Ch&#8217;an also teaches sudden enlightenment, non-conventionality and original face (roughly equalivent to naked mind).<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> In addition to the hybrid philosophical position held by the Ati-yoga tradition, its metaphysical base is firmly in the Tantras. Thus, explanations of meditational mechanics, modus operandi, metaphors and the such are all drawn from tantric literature. In contrast to this, Ch&#8217;an is firmly based in the Sutras.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Both Vimalamitra and Vairocana transmitted the teachings of Sri Simha in Tibet and set up seperate lineages. However, there must have been some crossing over of the two lines even during their life time, as they stem from the same cycle of teachings and the same teacher. If we follow Tibetan history, these two lines seem to have remainded separate until the time of Rong Zom.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> In summary then, the picture of Buddhism in Tibet at the time of Rong Zom was far more complex than later Tibetan sources would have us believe. Ch&#8217;an in three different forms had been introduced and had gained considerable popularity. This is examplified by the fact that a number of Ch&#8217;an works were translated into Tibetan, one of its representatives was selected as abbot of the most famous monastery in Tibet at the time and that the various representatives (either Chinese or Tibetan)of Ch&#8217;an had gained royal support in Tibet. The rDzogs pa chen po (or Ati-yoga) of the Mahasiddha Sri Simha, which has considerable elements in common with Ch&#8217;an had also been introduced.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> By the time of Rong Zom, these sudden teachings of Ch&#8217;an and rDzogs pa Chen po were receiving less emphasis and the gradualistic approach of Indian Buddhism was beginning to make itself felt. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">HAGIOGRAPHY OF RONG ZOM<\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The most important thing to note here is that Rong Zom brought together within himself both lines of Ati-yoga originating from Vimalamitra and Vairocana. Vairocana was instrumental in the establishing of these teachings in the Kham area. Though he had worked in central Tibet, his line of transmission was much stronger in Kham. Vimalamitra, however, had spent his time mostly teaching in central Tibet and therefore, his line was stronger there. That these two lines of Ati-yoga would come together is not at all suprising. Once Buddhism had grown to be national in Tibet, various small groups were no longer isolated from one another. Whatever traditions and practices they were following could be easily known by others. This would allow for someone like Rong Zom to collect various traditions. What is of considerable interest to us here is the connection of the Ch&#8217;an teachings with the rDzogs pa chen po lineage. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">RONG ZOM<\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Rong Zom was the son of Rong ban Rin chen Tshul khrims. He was famous as a great Tibetan Pandita. He was born at Khungs rong on the border of Lower gTsang. Shortly before this a scholar called Acarya Smritijnanakirti came to Khams, and translated several tantras. After his death, he was reborn as Rong Zom. Others say, that a pandita named Acarya Phra la Ring mo came to Khams. He also translated a commentary on the gSang sning rGyud (sk. Guhya garbha Tantra), he further taught this tantra. After his death, he was reborn as Rong Zom. When lord Atisa had met Rong Zom he said: &#8220;This Lord is the incarnation of the Indian Acarya Krisnapada the Great. How shall I be able to discuss the Doctrine with him.&#8221; Rong Zom studied the sutras at the age of seven. From thirteen onwards, he became a great scholar, who had completed his studies and became known as the &#8220;one unobscured in all branches of knowledge.&#8221; Endowed with the faculty of prescience, knowing the proper time and measures (to be adopted) in the disciplining of living beings, with the view of establishing in Bliss in this and future lives ordinary living beings, and those who had entered religion, he produced well-written treatises. All the treatises composed by him did not contradict scriptures, reason and the explanations given to him by his teacher. They were free from blemishes in words and meaning, and they were known to be unrefutable by other famous scholars. In addition, he also was a great translator. He translated the: Sri Vajramahabhairava nama Tantra, the Sarvatathagatakayavakcittakrsnayamari nama Tantra, the &#8216;Jam dpal sNgags don, the Abhidhana uttaratantra and other texts. His commentaries and translations covered the entire range of Buddhist learning. Of considerable importance was his work on the rDzogs pa Chen po entitled: rDzogs pa Chen po&#8217;i lTa sgom Man ngag&#8230; Precepts on the Theory and Meditative Practice of the Great Achievement.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">During this period there took place a religious debate attended by all of the scholars from the four districts of Tibet. They intended to debate with him, holding the opinion that it was improper for persons born in Tibet to compose treatises. After they had gone over one of his treatises and after debating the subject matter with him, they all felt amazed, and each of them honoured him and then listened to his exposition of the Doctrine. He heard the secret precepts of the Acarya Padma (sambhava) transmitted through the Spiritual lineage of sNam mKha rDo rje bDud Joms and mKhar chen dPal gyi dBang phyug and so forth till Rong ban Rin chen Tshul khrims. Further, the (Lineage) which originated with Vairocana (was also received). This is one of the Lineages of the &#8220;Mind Class (Sems sde)&#8221;(of the rDzogs chen teachings). At 1Dan gLong thang sGron ma there appeared an ascetic named A ro Ye shes &#8216;Byung gnas, who possessed the secret precepts of the seventh link in the chain of the Indian Lineage, as well as those of the seventh link of the Chinese lineage of Hwa shang (=ho shang). He preached the system to Cog ro Zangs dKar mDzod khur and to Ta zi Bon ston. These two taught it to Rong Zom. This (Lineage) is called the &#8220;(Lineage) of the Great Achievement (rDzogs chen) according to the Khams method.&#8221; Again, Vimala (mitra) taught the Doctrine to Myang Ting dzin bZang po as well as bestowed the secret precepts on rMa Rin chen mChog and gNyags Jnanakumara. These two transmitted them gradually to Rong Zom. Though the dates of birth and death of this great man are, as stated above, not to be found, it is said that Atisa, on his arrival to Tibet, met him. Therefore, he should be regarded as being almost a contemporary of (him) and &#8216;Gos Lo tsa ba.(20)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The important point to note in the above are that Rong Zom received a hybrid form of the lineage of rDzogs pa chen po that originated with Vairocana as well as the lineage of rDzogs pa chen po that originated with Vimalamitra. The lineage originating with Vimalamitra has been traditionally been associated with the two higher classes of teachings found in rDzogs pa chen po; i.e., the great expanse and instruction classes. The teachings of Vairocana are traditionally held to be only the mind class. Although one will, from a proper historical research, find that both teachers actually taught all three classes of the rDzogs pa chen po, the traditionally ascribed affiliation should not be overlooked in viewing the development of the line of teaching.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Of considerable concern to our investigation are the following lines taking from the hagiography: &#8220;Further, the (lineage)which originate with Vairocana (was also received). This is one of the lineages of the &#8220;Mind class (sems sde)&#8221;(of the rDzogs pa chen po teachings). At lDan gLong thang sGron ma there appeared an ascetic named A ro Ye shes &#8216;Byung gnas, who Rossessed the secret precepts of the seventh link in the chain of the Indian Lineage, as well as those of the seventh link of the Chinese lineage of Hwa shang (=ho shang). He preached the system to Cog ro zangs dKar mDzod khur and to Ta zi Bon ston. These two taught it to Rong Zom.&#8221;. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Here we see that the lineage of the &#8220;Mind class&#8221; or the rDzogs pa chen po that was taught in Kham by Variocana (the Indian lineage) had been united with a form originating in China with its teacher identified as Hwa shang. Although it is tempting to associate this Hwa Shang with the famous Mo ho yen Hwa Shang no evidence has come to light for this direct identification. Mo Ho yen was a teacher of Ch&#8217;an from Tun Huang. These two lines of teaching were already associated with each other when Rong Zom received the teachings. Thus showing that Ch&#8217;an and rDzogs pa chen po were united only two generations before Rong Zom. However, if we accept the traditional view that Vairocana system was only of the Mind class, then, Ch&#8217;an had only united with this level. It was not until Rong Zom, himself, had brought the teachings of Vimalamitra together with the Kham teachings, that the whole of rDzogs pa chen po was united and this would included the Ch&#8217;an teachings. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> <b>DOCTRINE OF RDZOGS PA CHEN PO <\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> As with most of the later forms of Mahayana Buddhism the rDzogs pa chen po teachings represent a form of Yogacara- Madyamaka in their doctrinal position. The Yogacara forms the working models for understanding the mind. The Madhyamaka is used in the formation of statements of truth. In addition to this, a developed theory of Tathagatagarbha emerged as the base for the whole of the doctrinal positions taken.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> The rNyingma school, wherein the rDzogs pa chen po teaching is found, in general, has several unique philosophical features. In the area of Yogacara, it puts forth a theory of 9 consciousnesses. It accepts the 6 consciousnesses of mind and 5 senses as well as the manas. The Alayavijnana is divided into two parts. The first is called the Alayavijnana and represents the storing capacity for the karmic seeds. The second, is termed the Alaya and represents the &#8220;all ground&#8221; which allows the functioning of the whole process beginning with the Alayavijnana. Here we can perhaps understand the Alaya as the unaware aspect (ignorant) of the Tathagatagarbha.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> There is also a distinction made between Tathagatagarbha and Sugatagarbha. The first is the phenomena possessed by ordinary unenlightened individuals and the second is the same phenomena but it is possessed by enlightened individuals. A clearly distinction of these two is important in understanding statements made throughout the whole of the rDzogs pa chen po doctrine. The ultimate truth is understood in usual Madhyamaka terms. The fact that only two possibilities are permitted, i.e., samsara and enlightenment, directly relate to the conventional and ultimate truth. Nirvana almost always is used in a negative sense as the small rest taken by Hinayana followers and not seen as a full and complete enlightenment. Seeing that only two possibilities exist, one is either in samsara or one is not. This view allows for no possibility of a real path to exist. Enlightenment is seen as taking place suddenly. Liberation of mind and forms are all natural. Spontanious activity is the correct and appropriate response to any situation. When the mind is free, then, all things are of themselves free, so all is naturally and spontaniously self-liberated. The initial by-product of the meditational process is a state of no-thought. Later development allows one to be in a state of no-thought of no-thought. The texts continually use the terms relating to no-thought; e.g. motionless, no-thought, no perception, etc. as indicating only the by-product of the process of meditation. The emphasis is given to the idea of &#8220;Rig pa.&#8221; Rig pa means pure pristine awareness. This pure awareness can be a state wherein one does not move from the non-dual. The word can also be used as a verb &#8220;to be purely aware&#8221; when one is in the state of no-thought of no-thought, this state is also without movement from the non-dual. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">STRUCTURE OF RDZOGS PA CHEN PO<\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> According to Long chen pa, the rDzogs pa chen po is divided into two main lines. The first is the rDzogs pa chen po in relation with other paths and the Great Explanation. The rNyingma schools divides the whole of Buddhism as follows:<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> Path lowest <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 1. sravaka<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 2. pratiyekabuddha<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 3. bodhisattva (= mahayan sutra teachings)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 4. kriya tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 5. carya tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 6. yoga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 7. mahayoga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 8. anuyoga tantra<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 9. atiyoga tantra (=rDzogs pa chen po)<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> highest<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> rDzogs pa chen po in relations with other paths, means to have the general view as explained in rDzogs pa chen po texts, while practicing any of the paths 1 through 8. An individual does not have to begin with the first. Beginning practice is according to the capacities of each individual. The important point is to maintain the rDzogs pa chen po view while doing any practice. The basis of this view is that we are all already Buddhas. We engage in the activity of any path because that is the activity of a Buddha. For example, while Sakyamuni fully realized the rDzogs pa chen po view he followed the Hinayana systems in order to teach. He practiced the tantras in order to worship other buddhas as well as to teach. Therefore. it is important to learn something of the other paths to be able to engage in the activity of Buddhas.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">The Great Explanation relates to the three divisions of the rDzogs pa chen po. These are the Mind class the Great Expanse class and the Instructions class. The Mind class teaches the seeing the mind in its nakedness. The Great Expanse class teaches the openness of being(=experiential aspect of sunyata). The Instruction class teaches the techniques for stablizing and total incorporation of the overall view and experiences of enlightenment.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> There are of course many fine points that are not presented here in our brief outline. Basically, the various meditations are aimed at producing a state of no-thought and later no-thought of no-thought. There are visionary techniques used which make for a close contact with other tantra classes. The metaphors used are usually drawn from the tantras. However, even the visionary meditations are considerably simplified when compared with other classes of tantras. The highest levels of practice are that of the direct viewing of the non-dual state.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">Rong Zom had inherited, from the teachings of Kham, a system of rDzogs pa chen po that had already mixed the Ch&#8217;an of China with the Indian teachings on sudden enlightenment. As noted these teachings were introduced by Vairocana. Also, as noted, Ch&#8217;an was associated with the mind class of the rDzogs pa chen po. When Rong Zom had brought these Kham teachings together with the teachings of Vimalamitra, Ch&#8217;an maintained its association with the Mind class. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">CONCLUSION<\/p>\n<p><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> We have seen that it was the famous scholar\/yogi Rong Zom who had brought the teachings of Vimalamitra and Vairocana together and there by forming a comprehensive whole to the teaching of rDzogs pa chen po. Previous to this, the Mind class of teachings had become associated with the Ch&#8217;an teachings coming from China. Seeing that the Ch&#8217;an teachings had a very close doctrinal affilitation with the rDzogs pa chen po, the mixing of the two was a natural event. Later Tibetan teachers forgot about this connection and went on to teach Ch&#8217;an in association with other teachings of rDzogs pa chen po. This association was so completely forgotten that in later years, when the rNyingma were accused of spreading teachings similar to Chinese thought (a maior religious crime in Tibet), they would strongly deny such charges. In defence, they would point to the Indian origin of the rDzogs pa chen po. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/font><b><font face=\"Verdana\" size=1><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">NOTES<\/p>\n<p><\/font><\/b><\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 1. see a; Norbu, Namkha. &#8220;rDzogs Chen &amp; Zen.&#8221; Zhan Zhung Press 1985. b; Broughton, Jeffrey.&#8221;Early Ch&#8217;an Schools in Tibet&#8221; c; Gomez, Luis O.&#8221;The Direct &amp; Gradual Approach of Zen Master Mahayana&#8230;&#8221;\/ b&amp;c in: Studies of Ch&#8217;an and Hua Yen Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1983. d; Lancaster &amp; Lai.: Early Ch&#8217;an in China &amp; Tibet. Berkeley Buddhist Stds. Series 1983. e; my previous publications are under the name of Hanson-Barber. 1. &#8220;No-Thought in Pao AT&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an &amp; Early Ati-yoga&#8221; JIABS #2, vol. 9. 1986; The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana Ann Arbor. Microfilm Int. 1985.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 2. For general rDzogs Chen see: Norbu &amp; Lipman. Primordial Experience. Shambala. Boston 1987; Lipman &amp; Peterson. You are the Eyes of the World. Navato. Lotsawa Pub. 1986. Guenther, H.V Kindly Bent to Ease Us. Emeryville, Dharma Press, 1978; Dowman, K. &#8220;The Three Incisive Precepts of Garab Dorje.&#8221; Diamond Sow Pub. 1982; Hanson-Barber, A.W. &#8220;The Two Other Homes of Ati-Yoga in India.&#8221; JISIBS vo1.4; &#8220;The Identification of dGa&#8217; rab rDo rje.&#8221; JIABS #2. vol. 9. 1986.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 3. The first official envoy was Thomi Sambhota who went to study language.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 4. Large tracks of what is now Nepal were part of Tibet at various times.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 5. The Tibetan manuscripts found at Tun Huang are an extensive collection.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 6. We find writings from: northern Ch&#8217;an, Pao T&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an, Southern Ch&#8217;an, Ox head Ch&#8217;an and more, preserved there.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 7. ibid. Hanson-Barber. &#8220;No-Thought in Pao T&#8217;ang Ch&#8217;an&#8230;&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 8. see note l. b &amp; c.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\"> 9. op cit. Hanson-Barber<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">10. op cit. Studies in Ch&#8217;an &amp; Hua Yen.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">11. Tucci, G. Minor Buddhist Texts I &amp; II. Delhi, 1986. Motilal Banarsidass. and Bu Ton History of Indian Buddhism.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">12. Although it is questionable, the symbol of the debate is important. It represents Tibet&#8217;s official policy of rejecting Chinese influence on a high level. The political importance of this is unquestionable.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">13. Master Wu Chu may have had some connection with Tantra. He is quotated as talking about a &#8220;Dharani Gate (pg.13. op cit. Studies in Ch&#8217;an &amp; Hua Yen). Mo ho yen is closely associated with Wu Chu in Tibetan sources. Tucci (op cit.) holds that some of the Ati-yoga masters were on Mo ho yen&#8217;s side at the debate. <\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">14. There were two Vimalamitras. One was a layman and the other a monk. The historical problems have not been sorted yet.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">15. see: Dargyay, E.M. The Rise of Esoteric Buddhism in Tibet Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1976. and Hanson-Barber. The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana, ibid.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">16. Vimalamitra and other tantric masters are said to have gone through Tibet and on to Tun Huang as well as Wu Tai Shan. Some rDzogs Chen texts were found at Tun Huang. see Norbu &amp; Lipman, op cit, pg. 7 &amp; 137 n. 19<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">17. see Hanson-Barber op cit. &#8220;The Two Other Homes of Ati-yoga&#8230;&#8221;..<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">18. Hanson-Barber, op cit. The Life &amp; Teachings of Vairocana.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">19. Sangharaksita also taught a hybrid form of the two schools. Yet he was not associated with the rDzogs Chen.<\/p>\n<p align=\"JUSTIFY\">20. Ruegg. S. The Blue Annals.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Portugu\u00eas Ingl\u00eas A Unifica&ccedil;&atilde;o do Rdzogs Pa Chen Po e do Ch&#8217;an Chung-Hwa Buddhist JournalPor A. W. 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